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Browse frequently asked questions and answers on key HR issues. Navigate by topic or key word search. View latest additions or suggest a question to the XpertHR editorial team.


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Which duties are union representatives allowed paid time off to carry out?

Which duties are union learning representatives allowed paid time off to carry out?

Which activities are union members allowed time off to take part in?

Are union members entitled to be paid for time off to take part in union activities?

Is there a limit to how much time off an employer must allow a union representative to take?

If an employer does not recognise a union, does it have to allow representatives of that union paid time off?


What are the potential consequences of an employer failing to allow a union representative or member reasonable time off for union duties or activities?

Where an employer fails to allow a union representative or member reasonable time off for duties or activities, the employee can make a complaint to the employment tribunal.

Where the tribunal finds that the employer failed to allow the union representative or member reasonable time off for union duties or activities, it has the power to make a declaration to that effect and award the employee compensation that it considers to be just and equitable. With regards to a failure to pay a union representative for time off, the tribunal can award the amount that should have been paid.

Even where the employee does not make a tribunal complaint, a failure to afford union representatives or members appropriate time off is likely to have a detrimental effect on employee relations.

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What are the potential consequences of an employer failing to comply with the provisions of the Acas code of practice on time off for trade union duties and activities?

If a union representative carries out trade union duties outside working hours, is he or she entitled to paid time off in lieu?

If a union representative works part-time hours, is he or she entitled to be paid for union duties carried out outside those hours?

How is payment for time taken off for union duties calculated if the union representative’s pay normally varies depending on the work done?

For what kind of training are union representatives entitled to paid time off?

Do employers have to provide facilities to enable union representatives to carry out their union duties?

How much notice must a union representative give to his or her employer of time off required for union duties?

Can an employer refuse time off for union duties or activities at a particular time due to the requirements of the business?

Do non-union employee representatives have the right to paid time off to carry out their duties?

Do union environmental representatives or equality representatives have a right to paid time off to carry out their duties?

If there is more than one union representative in an organisation, are they all entitled to paid time off to carry out union duties?

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